Wednesday, September 21, 2011

Review of the Day: The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks


Rebecca Skloot's The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is a non-fiction account of the woman whose cancer cells – which have been growing ever since 1951 when a sample of the tumor was put in a petri dish – became known as HeLa and have been used in medical research for the last 60 years.

The science part of the book about how the HeLa cells have been used was amazingly interesting. As one could guess, the cells have been used to study cancer, DNA, infectious diseases, and a myriad of other medical conditions. Even more fascinating was how, in dealing with the indomitable HeLa cells, scientists developed uniform protocols for working with cell lines. For example, they developed a common, pre-mixed medium for growing cells; figured out how to ship vials of cells; learned that cells could be frozen and then thawed later for further research; and organized centralized, often privatized, tissue banks for tracking and selling cells and other tissue samples.

Skloot also examines the medical ethics and personal privacy issues raised by human tissue research. While there is some contrary evidence, it seems clear that no one discussed with Henrietta that they had taken her cells for research, and no one got her consent beforehand. It was 1951, and the concept of "informed consent" was barely nascent. Skloot tracks the changes in public awareness and concerns about patients' rights from Henrietta's day to the present – a present in which most of the questions remain unresolved.

The downside of the book, for me, was Skloot's use of Henrietta's family. She started off trying to learn about Henrietta's history, and ended up writing about Henrietta's children, primarily her daughter Deborah. There is no doubt that, while the science made the book interesting, the family's story made it compelling.

But as I reached the end, I felt that the family's story was compelling for the wrong reasons. Henrietta's five children – the offspring of syphilitic first cousins from a long line of inbred first cousins – all suffered to one degree or another from congenital deafness and learning disabilities. The oldest daughter was sent to and died in an institution. The youngest son went to prison for murder, later lived in an adult foster home, and displayed ongoing anger and other mental health problems. Deborah, the focus of Skloot's attentions, told Skloot that she was schizophrenic and had an anxiety disorder and showed all the signs of a bi-polar disorder as well. At least one of the other brothers and one grandson had drug-related criminal histories.

Reading about these people was like watching a train wreck. It was impossible not to get sucked into their story. But what made their lives such a train wreck was not that a doctor took a sample of Henrietta's cells and other scientists have been using them for research. There is no cause and effect connection.

True, Henrietta's children were bothered by not understanding how, or even the fact that, Henrietta's cells were being used (whether this lack of understanding was the fault of the scientific community or the result of their own cognitive limitation is open to debate), but that issue would fit in a chapter. Instead, Skloot laid out every personal detail of these people's lives – physical and mental health issues, marital problems, religious views, addictions, and criminal involvement – for us all to pore over.

I walked away from the book with the feeling that it was more exploitive of Henrietta's family than the scientific community had been. Skloot may have been motivated by sympathy for the family and a desire to tell a story people would read, but if we are going to judge on motives and not actions, then the doctors and scientists Skloot holds up to criticism should be similarly judged by their primarily good motives. And at least the scientists didn't make me directly complicit in the exploitation.


OTHER REVIEWS

Judging from the debate at my Book Club, my take on this book is not shared by others.  If you would like your review listed here, please leave a comment with a link and I will add it.

6 comments :

  1. Great review. I have read many rave reviews for this book but yours was more honest than most of them.

    Of what I read, the family aspect of the book was rarely mentioned but according to you it's a big part of it.

    http://www.ManOfLaBook.com

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  2. I've read some other reviews where people felt the authors got too personal with Lacks' family. I would have wanted to read it for the science, not so much the unrelated human interest story. :) maybe they should have been separate books. Nice review!

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  3. I questioned Skloot's motives when I read this too. I also felt like Skloot should have accepted no when she first approached the family - instead she kept asking, almost to the point of harassment.

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  4. I sounds like the author believed her book about the science and ethics of the situation would only sell if she included all the gory details of the woman's family's failings. That's a shame.

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  5. Man of la Book: Thanks. And thanks for tweeting. I was definitely in the minority in my book club -- most people loved the family story.

    prologuebooks: I am going to read some more reviews. I didn't read reviews before I read the book, so I am interested now to know what other people thought.

    Kathy: Interesting take. She definitely stuck with that family until they would talk to her.

    Barbara: It turned out seeming like that,although I think the author started out just looking for the human angle to her story to make it more appealing. It just didn't sit right with me.

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  6. Excellent review. Yours is the first to raise the issue of whether Skloot was sharing too much about the Lacks family. I totally see what you mean, but I don't think that was her intent. I think she ended up getting way more involved with them than she ever expected and didn't know how to leave them out. I was surprised how involved she got with the family, but you are right, not all of it had to do with Henrietta. Still, it did make for a compelling read. Thanks for your honesty and critical thinking.

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